Adiponectin
A protein hormone produced and secreted exclusively by adipocytes (fat cells) that regulates the metabolism of lipids and glucose. Adiponectin influences the body's response to insulin and has anti-inflammatory effects on the cells lining the walls of blood vessels. High blood levels of adiponectin are associated with a reduced risk of heart attack. Low levels of adiponectin are found in people who are obese (and who are at increased risk of a heart attack). Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Q15848.
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin
Alpha-1 antitrypsin is a liver protein that blocks the destructive effects of certain enzymes. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency results from a genetic defect. The mechanism that causes associated liver disease and emphysema in some people with this deficiency is not known. However some evidence suggests that it may be related to inflammation. Approximately 75% of adults with severe deficiency will develop emphysema, which often begins before 40 years of age. Smoking can increase risk. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P07758.
Alpha-Fetoprotein
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the major fetal plasma protein. The concentration of AFP peaks in the fetal bloodstream at 2-3 g/l around 12-14 weeks of gestation and then falls. AFP passes into the maternal bloodstream where it may be detected by assay. Fetal malformations such as neural tube defects seen in Down’s syndrome elevate the maternal serum levels. Elevated AFP is seen most frequently in adults with germ cell tumours and hepatocellular carcinoma, but also in gastric, colon, biliary, pancreatic and lung cancers (~20% of patients). Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P02771.
Alpha-2 Macroglobulin
A2M is a major plasma protein in humans with various functions ranging from ion transport to the inhibition of proteinases. Elevated levels are seen in clinical conditions such as cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, severe burns and diabetes. Decreased levels are seen in pancreatitis, fibrinolysis, and liver disease. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01023.
Apolipoprotein A-1
Apo A1 is primarily found in high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. It serves to prevent the accumulation of cholesterol loaded macrophages which deposit on the arterial wall as foam cells. Its primary function is to activate LCAT within the HDL complex, which catalyzes the esterification of cholesterol. This results in a more soluble cholesterol-HDL complex which increases the cholesterol transport capacity of the HDL particle for subsequent removal by the liver. Apo AI is therefore a convenient marker for assessing the cholesterol clearing capacity of the blood, and studies have clearly indicated that it is a better discriminator of angiographically documented coronary artery disease than HDL cholesterol. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P02647.
Apolipoprotein C-III
ApoCIII is synthesized predominantly in the liver and to a lesser degree in the intestine. It is present on VLDLs and chylomicron remnants; and to some extent on HDLs. ApoCIII is a cofactor for sphingomyelinase, an inhibitor of LPL and may activate LCAT. Individuals with a combined hereditary deficiency of both ApoAI and ApoCIII are predisposed to coronary heart disease. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P02656.
Apolipoprotein H
The human Apolipoprotein H (ApoH) molecule, also known as beta 2 glycoprotein 1, is expressed by placental trophoblast cells at high levels. Although the normal physiological role is not known, the protein appears to act as a co-factor for the binding of autoantibodies to phospholipids in trophoblasts, which is a process involved in the pathogenesis of recurrent miscarriage (antiphospholipid syndrome). Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P02749.
Beta-2 Microglobulin
BDNF is a protein found in the neurons of the nervous system where it helps to support the survival of existing neurons, and encourage the growth of new neurons and synapses. Various studies have shown possible links between low levels of BDNF and conditions such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) or senile dementia of Alzheimer's type which is a disorder or loss of mental functions resulting from brain tissue changes. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P23560.
BDNF
Beta-2-Microglobulin is a protein found on the surfaces of all nucleated cells and is shed into the blood, particularly by tumor cells and lymphocytes. Due to its small size, it passes through the glomerular membrane, but normally less than 1% is excreted due to reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the kidney. Therefore, high plasma levels occur in renal failure, inflammation, and neoplasms, especially those associated with B-lymphocytes. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01884.
C-Reactive Protein
CRP is an acute phase reactant, which can be used as a general screening aid for inflammatory diseases, infections, and neoplastic diseases. In addition to its usual value as an acute phase reactant, CRP in large concentration (>5 mg/dL) predicts progression of erosions in rheumatoid arthritis. Elevated serum CRP is characteristic of bacterial, but not viral, meningitis or meningoencephalitis. Elevated concentrations of CRP are associated with risk of myocardial infarction in patients with stable and unstable angina and predict risk of first myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke in apparently healthy individuals. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P02741.
Calcitonin
Calcitonin is secreted by the parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid gland. Its primary physiological effect is to lower serum calcium levels. Elevated levels of calcitonin (>100 pg/mL) may be encountered in a variety of pathological conditions including leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders. The most notable condition expressing elevated calcitonin levels is medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01258.
Cancer Antigen 19-9
CA 19-9 is a derivative of the Lea blood group antigen present on normal mesenteric epithelium. It is not expressed in Lewis-negative individuals, who represent approximately seven percent of the total population in the U.S. It is of clinical use because it is also expressed, at high levels, in most patients with carcinomas of the pancreas, liver, biliary tract, stomach, colon, and breast. CA 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) may be used together to help differentiate benign disease from pancreatic carcinoma. Elevations of both are suggestive of neoplasia. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Q9BXJ9.
Cancer Antigen 125
CA 125 is a glycoprotein found in increased amounts on the cell surface of many ovarian epithelial malignancies. Elevated levels of CA 125 are associated with serous, endometrioid, and clear cell carcinomas of the ovary. More than 80 percent of non-mucinous, epithelial ovarian carcinomas have elevated levels of CA 125. Conditions such as endometriosis, normal pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine fibroids, hepatitis, pancreatitis, and cirrhosis may contribute to elevated levels of serum CA 125. Malignancies of breast, lung, and gastrointestinal tract may also be associated with an elevation of this tumor marker. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Q14596.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen
CEA was first observed in extracts of colonic carcinoma tissue. Elevated levels are found in serum from patients with a wide variety of tumor types including GI, lung, breast, ovary, and uterus. The frequency of elevated CEA levels increases with the Duke's stage of colonic carcinomas. High levels are more likely in the presence of metastatic disease and prognostically indicate a greater likelihood of metastasis. Levels will usually fall following successful treatment and remain stable. Rising levels in these patients may indicate recurrence. CEA is often elevated in liver disease, and smokers may have slightly elevated levels of CEA. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P78448.
CD40
A receptor molecule on the cell surface of all mature B cells (B lymphocytes), most B-cell malignancies, and monocytes, dendritic cells (in the nervous system), endothelial cells (within blood vessels), and epithelial cells. CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily. Together with CD40 ligand, the molecule that binds to it, CD40 is an important contributor to the inflammatory processes that lead to atherosclerosis and thrombosis (clotting). Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Q6P2H9.
CD40 Ligand
CD40L is a transmembrane protein expressed on T cells, B cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and activated platelets. It is also found in plasma as a soluble protein, sCD40L. As a consequence of CD40L binding to its receptor (CD40), several inflammatory processes are initiated. Studies have demonstrated elevated CD40L levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia and ACS, and elevated sCD40L levels have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events. Statins, glitazones, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and clopidogrel have been demonstrated to effectively reduce CD40L levels both in vitro and in vivo. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P29965.
Complement 3
Quantitation of C3 is used to detect individuals with inborn deficiency of this factor or those with immunologic disease in whom complement is consumed at an increased rate. These include lupus erythematosus, chronic active hepatitis, certain chronic infections, poststreptococcal and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and others. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01024.
CK-MB
Damaged cardiac tissue releases CK-MB 2-6 hours following infarction. CK-MB values peak at 12-24 hours after infarction and return to normal within 24-48 hours. Certain diseases of skeletal muscle result in an increased amount of CK-MB. The various causes of rhabdomyolysis, including the muscular dystrophies, commonly result in an abnormal increase in serum CK-MB activity. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Brain P12277; Muscle P06732.
Endothelin-1
Endothelins are the most potent vasoconstrictors known. In addition to their vasoconstrictor actions, endothelins have effects on the central nervous system and on neuronal excitability. They induce the depolarization of spinal neurons, the release of vasopressin and oxytocin, and may be involved in the response of glial cells to tissue injuries. Elevated plasma concentrations of endothelins have been observed in hypertension, myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, Raynaud syndrome, and Crohn's disease. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P05305.
Eotaxin
Eotaxin is produced by epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and eosinophils, and its expression is enhanced in allergic inflammation. Thus, eotaxin is thought to play an important role in allergy and asthma. The positions of four cysteine residues in eotaxin place it in the C-C family of chemokines, along with chemokines such as RANTES, MCP-3, and MIP-1 alpha. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P51671.
Epidermal Growth Factor
EGF is a small protein that promotes cell growth and differentiation, is essential in embryogenesis, and is important in wound healing. It is produced by many normal cell types and is made in large amounts by some tumors. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01133.
ENA-78
ENA-78 is a potent chemoattractant and activator of neutrophil functions and is produced by many non-hematopoietic cell types. Its expression is elevated in the inflammed tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, acute appendicitis, allergic airway inflammation. ENA-78 is also a potent angiogenic factor in small lung cancer. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P42830.
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin (EPO), produced primarily by the kidney, is the factor regulating red blood cell (RBC) production in mammals. Renal production of EPO is regulated by changes in oxygen availability. Under conditions of hypoxia, the level of EPO in the circulation increases, leading to increased production of RBCs. The overproduction of EPO may be an adaptive response associated with conditions that produce tissue hypoxia, such as living at high altitude, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cyanotic heart disease, sleep apnea, high-affinity hemoglobinopathy, smoking, or localized renal hypoxia. In other instances, excessive EPO levels are the result of production by neoplastic cells. Cases of increased EPO production and erythrocytosis have been reported for patients with renal carcinomas, benign renal tumors, Wilms' tumors, hepatomas, liver carcinomas, cerebellar hemangioblastomas, adrenal gland tumors, smooth muscle tumors, and leiomyomas. Deficient levels of EPO production are found in conjunction with certain forms of anemias. These include anemia of renal failure and end-stage renal disease, anemias of chronic disorders, chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, malignancies, anemia of prematurity, anemia of hypothyroidism, and anemia of malnutrition. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01588.
ENRAGE
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. ENRAGE is proposed to be involved in specific calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways and its regulatory effect on cytoskeletal components may modulate various neutrophil activities. Interaction of ENRAGE with cellular RAGE on endothelium, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes triggers cellular activation, with generation of key proinflammatory mediators. In murine models, blockade of ENRAGE/RAGE quenched delayed-type hypersensitivity and inflammatory colitis by arresting activation of central signaling pathways and expression of inflammatory gene mediators. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P80511.
Factor VII
Factor VII is a trace protein produced in the liver that plays a role in the coagulation cascade. There are two types of Factor VII Deficiency: Inherited Factor VII Deficiency and Acquired Factor VII Deficiency. The inherited type of Factor VII Deficiency is very rare. The disorder itself affects 1 in 1 million people. However, one in approximately 500 people may be a carrier of the defective gene. The acquired form of the disorder happens more often. People can get the acquired form of Factor VII Deficiency if they have severe liver disease which reduces the function of the liver or they have low vitamin K levels as a result of taking certain kinds of medication. In addition, acquired Factor VII deficiency is associated with certain forms of cancer and autoimmune response to Factor VII. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P08709.
Fatty Acid Binding Protein
FABP is a plasma marker of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The plasma kinetics of FABP closely resemble those of myoglobin in that elevated plasma concentrations are found within 2 hours after AMI and return to normal generally within 18 to 24 hours. The concentration of FABP in skeletal muscle is 20 times lower than in cardiac tissue (for myoglobin the same content for cardiac and skeletal tissue). This makes FABP a useful biochemical marker for the early assessment or exclusion of AMI. FABP also appears to be a useful plasma marker for the estimation of cardiovascular risk. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P05413.
Ferritin
Ferritin is found in serum at low concentrations and is directly proportional to the body's iron stores. In general, variations in total body iron stores will be reflected in the serum ferritin level. Serum ferritin levels are very helpful in the evaluation of iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic infection, thalassemia, and hemochromatosis. Serum ferritin levels, however, can be nonspecifically elevated in patients with inflammation and or liver disease, regardless of iron stores. This is attributed to hepatocellular leakage of ferritin from damaged cells. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Heavy chain P02794; Light chain P02792.
Fibrinogen
Cleavage of soluble fibrinogen by thrombin to form fibrin is the final common reaction of the coagulation cascade. Low levels of fibrinogen are seen in association with fibrinolysis and liver disease. A high level of fibrinogen is a risk factor for thrombosis and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk and stroke, particularly in young adults. Low-dose heparin and ACE-inhibitors reduce fibrinogen and risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Alpha chain P02671; Beta chain P02675; Gamma chain P02679.
FGF-basic
FGF-basic is a heparin binding growth factor which stimulates the proliferation of a wide variety of cells including mesenchymal, neuroectodermal and endothelial cells. It is a potent mitogen for arterial smooth muscle cells, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis and restenosis. Human FGF-basic also exerts a potent angiogenic activity in vivo. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P09038.
GST
A family of enzymes that utilize glutathione in reactions contributing to the transformation of a wide range of compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, and products of oxidative stress. These enzymes play a key role in the detoxification of such substances. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P08263.
G-CSF
G-CSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The active protein is found extracellularly and acts in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This csf induces granulocytes. It is therapeutically available under the names neupogen or granulokine (amgen/roche) and granocyte (rhone-poulenc) and is used to treat neutropenia (a disorder characterized by an extremely low number of neutrophils in blood). Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P09919.
GM-CSF
The cytokine GM-CSF stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes. Used in myeloid reconstitution following bone marrow transplant, bone marrow transplant engraftment failure or delay, mobilization and following transplantation of autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells, and following induction chemotherapy in older adults with acute myelogenous leukemia. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P04141.
Growth Hormone
Human growth hormone (GH, hGH, Somatotropin) is produced in and released from the acidophilic cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Basal levels of GH in normal individuals are usually less than 2 ng/mL and are stable throughout the day. Normal elevations in GH occur following meals, after exercise, and during sleep. Children who fail to grow at the expected rate and who have short stature with apparent normal body proportions often have a diminished capacity to secrete growth hormone. The deficiency may be either congenital or acquired. Growth hormone deficiency in both adults and children may be the direct result of neoplastic or infiltrative disease of the pituitary. It may also follow cranial irradiation for brain tumors and other neoplasms. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01241.
Haptoglobin
The liver produces haptoglobin and secretes it into the blood, where it finds and attaches to any "free" hemoglobin -- that is, hemoglobin not contained within red blood cells. The concentration of free hemoglobin is ordinarily very low, but the level rises whenever red blood cells are being destroyed. After haptoglobin attaches to hemoglobin, the molecule goes to the liver where its components (iron, heme, and amino acids) are recycled. This process destroys the haptoglobin. When red blood cells are actively being destroyed, the rate of haptoglobin destruction by the liver will outpace the rate at which new haptoglobin is created. Thus, the levels of haptoglobin in the blood will decrease. Haptoglobin is considered an acute-phase reactant. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P00738.
Immunoglobulin A
Secretory IgA is found in tears, sweat, saliva, milk, and colostrum, and in gastrointestinal and bronchial secretions. It protects the mucosa from bacteria and viruses. The presence of secretory IgA also affects the development of allergic (IgE) reactions to various ingested antigens by binding the antigens and preventing IgE responses. Increased serum IgA is common in patients with skin, gut, respiratory, and renal infections and in ARC/ AIDS. In portal cirrhosis, IgA and sometimes IgG are increased. Deficiency of IgA is found in one in 750 individuals. Absence of this immunoglobulin is also found in ataxia telangiectasia. A significant number of IgA-deficient individuals will have circulating anti-IgA, which can mediate fatal anaphylactoid reactions when sources of immunoglobulin are infused (e.g., blood component therapy).
Immunoglobulin E
The levels of circulating IgE in serum are extremely low compared to the other immunoglobulins. Levels at birth are almost non-detectable, but increase with age. IgE has been linked to atopic disease and there is a strong correlation between increased total serum or plasma IgE levels and allergy. The determination of total IgE levels has been found to be useful in the assessment of atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, extrinsic asthma, urticaria, and atopic eczema. Patients with pulmonary aspergillosis, parasitic infestations, and some immunodeficiencies have also been found to have increased amounts of IgE.
Immunoglobulin M
In adult serum, IgM accounts for 5-10 percent of the total serum immunoglobulins. Deficiency of IgM may be due to protein loss, primary inherited defects, toxins (e.g., drugs or substances retained in renal failure), or secondary to lymphoid malignancies. Polyclonal increase in serum IgM is normal in response to infections. IgM tends to predominate in primary viral infections and blood stream infections (e.g., malaria). IgM is also markedly increased in primary biliary cirrhosis. In intrauterine infections, fetal production of IgM increases and at birth the cord blood IgM level is increased. Monoclonal increase in serum IgM occurs in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia and in monoclonal cryoglobulinemias.
Insulin
Insulin circulates in inappropriately high levels in patients with insulin-secreting pancreatic tumors (insulinomas) resulting in hypoglycemia. Accordingly, insulin immunoassays, used sometimes in connection with a provocative dose of tolbutamide or calcium, play an essential role in the identification (and localization) of insulinomas. Conditions such as diabetes, obesity, high carbohydrate diet, and inactivity tend to increase the normal value. Elevated levels are also found after food intake, in acromegaly, in Cushing's syndrome, and in thyrotoxicosis. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01308.
IGF-1
IGF-1 is produced by the liver and target tissues. Production is stimulated by growth hormone and retarded by undernutrition. A large fraction of circulating IGF-1 is complexed with IGF binding proteins. IGF-1 is closely related to a second protein called "IGF-2". IGF-2 also binds the IGF-1 Receptor, and mediates growth in the same way that IGF-1 does. However, IGF-2 alone binds a receptor called the "IGF II Receptor" (also called the Mannose-6 phosphate receptor), which is apparently a non-signaling receptor. IGF-1 is produced throughout life. The highest rates of IGF-1 production occur during the pubertal growth spurt. The lowest levels occur in infancy and old age. IGF-1 levels can be measured in the blood in 10-1000 ng/ml amounts. As levels do not fluctuate greatly throughout the day, IGF-1 is used by physicians as a screening test for growth hormone deficiency and excess. As the name "insulin-like growth factor 1" implies, IGF-1 is structurally related to insulin, and is even capable of binding the insulin receptor, albeit at lower affinity than insulin. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01343.
ICAM-1
ICAM-1 is a cell surface receptor molecule that is implicated in a number of cellular processes including inflammation, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and metastasis of cancer. Its soluble form is a product of cleavage at the cell’s surface and this form may have either positive or negative feed back functions as found in the blood. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P05362.
Interferon-gamma
T cells (cytotoxic and Th1) and Natural Killer cells secrete interferon gamma. Its major functions are to activate macrophages and to increase the expression of class II MHC on APC. IFNg stimulated macrophages are more phagocytic, they are more capable of killing intracellular pathogens and they have increased ability to present antigen. IFNg secreted by Th1 cells has a cross regulatory role in controlling Th2 function, and will induce a class switch to IgG. It actually can inhibit the activities of the Th2 pathway by inducing IL-12 production by macrophages. This cytokine has a role in many different types of immune responses such as delayed type hypersensitivity, inflammation, antibody production and viral infection. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01579.
Interleukin-1 alpha
IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is a member of the IL-1 family, which acts as a natural IL-1 inhibitor. The balance between IL-1 and IL-1ra plays an important role in the course of various inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis. IL-1ra is produced as different isoforms, one secreted (sIL-1ra) and three intracellular (icIL-1ra1, 2, 3), derived from the same gene. Human articular chondrocytes produce sIL-1ra in response to IL-1. This effect, which is enhanced by IL-6 and inhibited by dexamethasone, reflects increased transcription from the sIL-1ra promoter. The production of sIL-1ra by chondrocytes may have a protective effect against articular inflammatory and catabolic responses. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P18510.
Interleukin-1 beta
Interleukin-1 beta is similar in action to IL-1 alpha with the exception of its association with breast cancer. Immunoreactive IL-1beta is detected in approximately 90% of invasive breast carcinomas. IL-1beta levels are significantly higher in invasive carcinomas than in benign lesions. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01584.
Interleukin-1 ra
IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) is a member of the IL-1 family, which acts as a natural IL-1 inhibitor. The balance between IL-1 and IL-1ra plays an important role in the course of various inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis. IL-1ra is produced as different isoforms, one secreted (sIL-1ra) and three intracellular (icIL-1ra1, 2, 3), derived from the same gene. Human articular chondrocytes produce sIL-1ra in response to IL-1. This effect, which is enhanced by IL-6 and inhibited by dexamethasone, reflects increased transcription from the sIL-1ra promoter. The production of sIL-1ra by chondrocytes may have a protective effect against articular inflammatory and catabolic responses. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P18510.
Interleukin-2
Interleukin 2 is a central regulator of immune responses, and plays a pivotal role in anti-inflammatory reactions, in hematopoiesis and in tumor surveillance. It stimulates the synthesis of IFN-gamma in peripheral leukocytes and also induces the secretion of IL-1, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta. IL-2 displays significant anti-tumor activity for a variety of tumor cell types since it supports the proliferation and clonal expansion of T-cells that specifically attack certain tumor types. A number of diseases have been described to be associated with the aberrant expression of IL-2 or IL-2 receptors, including Hodgkin's disease, Graft-versus-Host reaction, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosis, type-1 diabetes, lepromatous leprosy, AIDS, immunodeficiency syndrome, severe burn traumas, and allogenic bone marrow transplantation. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01585.
Interleukin-3
Interleukin 3 is produced mainly by T-cells following cell activation by antigens and mitogens, but also by keratinocytes, NK-cells, mast cells, endothelial cells, and monocytes. IL-3 is one of the priming factors for hematopoietic stem cells in vitro and in vivo that makes the cells responsive to later-acting factors such as Epo, GM-CSF and IL-6. IL-3 also induces the increased expression of receptors for colony stimulating factors. At pico- to nanomolar concentrations IL-3 is a chemoattractant for eosinophils and also influences the chemotactic behavior of these cells in response to other chemotactically active factors. IL3 induces the proliferation of mast cells and macrophages and causes the synthesis of histamines by mast cells and phagocytosis in macrophages. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P08700.
Interleukin-4
Interleukin 4 is produced mainly by a subpopulation of activated T-cells (Th2) which are the biologically most active helper cells for B-cells and which also secrete IL-5 and IL-6. It may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia disease, which is characterized by the accumulation of slow-dividing and long-lived monoclonal B-cells arrested at the intermediate stage of their differentiation by preventing both the death and the proliferation of the malignant B-cells. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P05112
Interleukin-5
Interleukin 5 is produced by T-cells. It is a specific hematopoietic growth factor that is responsible for the growth and differentiation of eosinophils. It also promotes the generation of cytotoxic T-cells from thymocytes. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P05113.
Interleukin-6
Interleukin 6 is a cytokine released by leukocytes in response to a number of inciting stimuli. In addition to its role as an acute phase reactant and endogenous pyrogen, IL-6 is also involved in B-cell differentiation into plasma cells. IL- 6 is usually not detected in normal serum, plasma, CSF, or joint fluid. Elevated levels are observed in a variety of inflammatory processes, including infections (endotoxemia) and collagen vascular diseases. IL-6 is also elevated in alcoholic cirrhosis and chronic renal failure. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P05231.
Interleukin-7
Interleukin 7 stimulates the proliferation of pre-B and pro-B-cells without affecting their differentiation. It also selectively supports the maturation of megakaryocytes. In human peripheral monocytes, IL-7 induces the synthesis of some inflammatory mediators such as IL-1, IL-6 and. It also enhances the expression and secretion of IL-3 and GM-CSF in activated human T-cells. IL-7 down-regulates expression of TGF-beta in macrophages which has been suggested as an inhibitor of the antitumor immune response. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P13232.
Interleukin-8
Interleukin 8 may be of clinical relevance in psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. Elevated concentrations are observed in psoriatic scales and this may explain the high proliferation rate observed in these cells. It may also be a marker of different inflammatory processes and probably plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronic polyarthritis since excessive amounts of this factor are found in synovial fluids. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P10145.
Interleukin-10
11. IL-10: Interleukin 10 is produced by, and down-regulates the function of, Th1 and Th2 cells. In human monocytes, IFN-gamma and IL-10 antagonize each other's production and function and has been shown to be a physiologic antagonist of IL-12. Studies suggest that IL-10 indirectly suppresses tumor growth of certain tumors by inhibiting infiltration of macrophages which may provide tumor growth promoting activity. It has been detected in the sera of a subgroup of patients with active non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and it appear to correlate with a poor survival in patients with intermediate or high-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P22301.
Interleukin-12 p40
Interleukin 12 p40 is the 40 kDa subunit of IL-12. It is produced mainly by B-cells and to a lesser extent by T-cells. The most powerful inducers of IL-12 are bacteria, bacterial products, and parasites. It has been shown to augment natural killer-cell mediated cytotoxicity in a number of conditions, including patients with hairy cell leukemia, and it has been shown to inhibit the growth of a variety of experimental tumors in vivo as well as to have anti-angiogenic effects in vivo, which are, at least in part, mediated by IFN-gamma. IL-12 therefore seems to be a potential candidate also for the treatment of angiogenesis-dependent malignancies. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P29460.
Interleukin-12 p70
see Interleukin 12 p40.
Interleukin-13
Interleukin 13 is expressed in activated T-helper cells and T-cells expressing CD8. It down-modulates macrophage activity, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 , IL-6 , IL-8 , IL-10 , IL-12 ) and chemokines (MIP-1 , MCP ) in response to IFN-gamma or bacterial lypopolysaccharides. IL-13 enhances the production of the IL-1 receptor antagonist. It also decreases the production of nitric oxide by activated macrophages, leading to a decrease in parasiticidal activity. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P35225.
Interleukin-15
Some of the biological activities of Interleukin 15 resemble those of IL-2. IL-15 and IL-2 differ in their controls of expression and secretion, their range of target cells and their functional activities. IL-15 stimulates proliferation of the established T-cell line CTLL-2 as well as phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, it is also able to induce generation of cytolytic cells and LAK cells activity in vitro. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P40993.
Interleukin-16
Interleukin 16 was described originally as Lymphocyte chemoattractant factor (LCF), which acts as a chemoattractant for CD4 (+) T-cells, macrophages, and eosinophils. The protein is produced by lymphocytes, eosinophils, mast cells, and lung epithelium. Fibroblasts from several tissues can express IL-16. Very high levels are produced in response to IL-1-beta. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Q14005.
Leptin
Leptin is a protein hormone produced predominantly in the adipocytes and it plays an important role in the regulation of body weight through the hypothalamic centers of hunger, body temperature and energy expenditure. Increased leptin levels are seen in obese individuals. Leptin levels have been shown to change under certain endocrine conditions. Its role in metabolism, insulin sensitivity, as a potential therapeutic modality for weight loss, as well as, involvement in endocrine function is still under investigation. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P41159.
Lipoprotein (a)
Lp(a), unlike Apo AI or Apo B, whose levels vary as a result of diet, exercise, etc. is predominantly a genetic trait whose level remains more or less constant after puberty. It is bound to both HDL and LDL. Lp(a) interferes with plasminogen, the clot dissolving enzyme, which binds to the arterial endothelial lining. This in turn contributes to blood clot formation, and over a prolonged period of time would lead to significant damage to the coronary arteries. Levels of greater than 30mg/dl have been demonstrated to independently increase the risk of CHD by six fold. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P08519.
Lymphotactin
Lymphotactin is chemotactic for lymphocytes but not for monocytes or neutrophils, a characteristic that makes it unique among chemokines. Lymphotactin is produced by NK cells and attracts both NK cells and T-cells in vivo but it does not affect the adhesiveness of NK cells to vascular endothelium. Like some other chemokines, it possesses suppressive activity against immature subsets of myeloid progenitors stimulated to proliferate by multiple growth factors. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P47992.
MDC
This factor is synthesized specifically by cells of the macrophage lineage. MDC is expressed highly in macrophages and in monocyte-derived dendritic cells, but not in monocytes, natural killer cells, or several cell lines of epithelial, endothelial, or fibroblast origin. High expression is detected in normal thymus and less expression in lung and spleen. MDC is expressed by a subset of macrophages within regions of advanced atherosclerotic plaques that contain plaque microvessels. MDC is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophilic granulocytes. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: O00626.
MIP-1 alpha
The two MIP proteins are the major factors produced by macrophages following their stimulation with bacterial endotoxins. Both proteins are involved in the cell activation of human granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and appear to be involved in acute neutrophilic inflammation. Both forms of MIP-1 stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils and the release of lysosomal enzymes. They also induce the synthesis of other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF in fibroblasts and macrophages. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P10147.
MIP-1 beta
see MIP-1 alpha. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P13236.
MMP-2
Under physiological conditions MMPs are involved in extracellular degradation and breakdown of matrix proteins during normal tissue remodelling processes such as wound healing, pregnancy, and angiogenesis. MMPs are believed to facilitate cellular migration across basement membranes. The release of these enzymes by various cell types has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases and diverse invasive processes, including tissue destruction during inflammatory reactions, and diseases such as arthritis, periodontitis, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, tissue ulceration, cancer, and multiple sclerosis. It has been found that tissue destruction in disease processes often correlates with an imbalance of MMPs over their protein inhibitors, TIMPs. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P08253.
MMP-3
MMP-3 (also termed stromelysin) can degrade numerous extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates, such as collagen. It can also release cell surface molecules such as heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor and TNF-alpha, and it can activate other MMPs, including MMP-9 and the collagenases. It can also inactivate several serine proteinase inhibitors. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P08254.
MMP-9
MMP9 is also known as gelatinase B. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P14780.
MCP-1
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 plays a role in the recruitment of monocytes to sites of injury and infection. MPC-1 has been found in the joints of people with rheumatoid arthritis where it may serve to recruit macrophages and perpetuate the inflammation in the joints. MPC-1 has also been found elevated in the urine of people with lupus as a sign warning of inflammation of the kidney. MCP-1 has also been called small inducible cytokine A2 (SCYA2) and monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF). Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P13500.
Myeloperoxidase
MPO is an enzyme most abundantly present in neutrophil granulocytes. It is a lysosomal protein stored in azurophilic granules of the neutrophil. MPO has a heme pigment, which causes its green color in secretions rich in neutrophils, such as pus and some forms of mucus. It uses hydrogen peroxidase to convert chloride to hypochlorous acid. The produced hypochlorous acid reacts with and destroys bacteria. In many inflammatory pathologies, such as cystic fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis, neutrophils are also causing tissue damage. It is also produced when arteries are inflamed and have rupture-prone fatty deposits. An inflammation in the arteries can lead to a blood clot and eventually to a heart attack or stroke. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P05164.
Myoglobin
Myoglobin is a monomeric heme protein that is structurally related to hemoglobin. Very little free myoglobin circulates. It is synthesized and found predominantly in skeletal and cardiac muscle. During the course of a myocardial infarction (MI), myoglobin escapes from the ischemic cardiac muscle and can reach levels 5-10 times normal during the first 5-18 hours. A wide variety of pathological processes damage skeletal muscles, causing release of myoglobin into the circulation. Muscle damage resulting in high levels of myoglobinuria is clinically referred to as rhabdomyolysis. Measurement of myoglobin in rhabdomyolysis may be useful to determine the likelihood of significant renal toxicity. A high serum myoglobin level associated with a low urine myoglobin clearance rate indicates high risk for renal failure. A high serum myoglobin level with high myoglobin clearance rate indicates low risk for renal failure. A relatively low serum myoglobin level indicates minimal risk for renal failure. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P02144.
PAI-1
PAI-1 is an inhibitor of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), a key enzyme in fibrinolysis and is synthesized by endothelial cells, platelets, and hepatocytes. Three forms of PAI-1 have been identified. The first form is the active form, while the other two forms are inactive and latent. The main function of PAI-1 in hemostasis is to inhibit t-PA. As PAI-1 levels increase, active levels of t-PA decrease, causing impaired fibrinolytic function. Elevated levels of PAI-1 have been observed in deep vein thrombosis and myocardial infarction, as well as in normal pregnancy and sepsis. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P05121.
PAPP-A
A large zinc-binding protein that acts as an enzyme, specifically a metallopeptidase. PAPP-A has been used in prenatal genetic screening and studies of atherosclerosis. Women with low blood levels of PAPPA at 8 to 14 weeks of gestation have an increased risk of intrauterine growth restriction, trisomy 21, premature delivery, preeclampsia, and stillbirth. PAPP-A is present in unstable atherosclerotic plaques, and circulating levels are elevated in acute coronary syndromes which may reflect the instability of the plaques. PAPP-A may be a marker of unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Q13219.
PSA, Free
It is highly specific for prostate tissue and may be increased in prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostatitis. Currently a cutoff of 4.1 ng/mL is used for prostate cancer screening. Approximately one-third of patients with PSA levels between 4.1-10.0 ng/mL will have prostate cancer detectable by biopsy within one year. Most authorities advocate the combination of PSA, digital rectal examination (DRE), and trans-rectal ultrasonography (TRU), as a significant number (about 20%) of men with biopsy-proven cancer will, unfortunately, have PSA levels within the reference interval. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P07288.
Prostatic Acid Phosphatase
The prostate gland in men is a rich source of acid phosphatase (PAP). It normally contributes a small amount to the serum concentration. The clinical use of this prostate-specific fraction is in cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma, where it is elevated most commonly in men with metastatic disease (about 60% of the cases). It is a much less sensitive test in men with localized disease (10-40% depending upon clinical grade). PAP will be transiently elevated following prostatic massage, needle biopsy, cystoscopy, and infarction. PAP is not unique to the prostate, but is detected in numerous body tissues. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P15309.
RANTES
This factor has been renamed CCL5. RANTES is chemotactic for T-cells, human eosinophils and basophils and plays an active role in recruiting leukocytes into inflammatory sites. It also activates eosinophils to release, for example, eosinophilic cationic protein. It changes the density of eosinophils and makes them hypodense, which is thought to represent a state of generalized cell activation and is associated most often with diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P13501.
Serum Amyloid P
SAP is a small glycoprotein found in normal serum and in all amyloid deposits. It acts as an acute phase protein, modulates immunologic responses, inhibits elastase, and has been suggested as an indicator of liver disease or neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P02743.
SGOT
SGOT is an enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells. SGOT is released into blood when the liver or heart is damaged. The blood SGOT levels are thus elevated with liver damage or with an insult to the heart. Some medications can also raise SGOT levels. SGOT is also called aspartate aminotransferase (AST). It is an acute phase reactant suggestive of inflammation. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P17174.
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to sex hormones, specifically testosterone and estradiol. These sex hormones circulate in the bloodstream, bound mostly to SHBG and to some degree bound to albumin. Only a small fraction is unbound, or "free," and thus biologically active and able to enter a cell and activate its receptor. Thus bioavailability of sex hormones is influenced by the level of SHBG. SHBG levels are controlled by a delicate balance of enhancing and inhibiting factors. Its level is decreased by high levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Also, high androgen levels decrease SHBG, while high estrogen and thyroxine levels increase it. Conditions with low SHBG include polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes, and hypothyroidism. Conditions with high SHBG include pregnancy, hyperthyroidism, and anorexia nervosa. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P04278.
Stem Cell Factor
SCF is a stromal cell-derived cytokine synthesized by fibroblasts and other cell types. It is a glycoprotein that plays a key role in hematopoiesis acting both as a positive and negative regulator, often in synergy with other cytokines. It also plays a key role in mast cell development, gametogenesis, and melanogenesis. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P21583.
Thrombopoietin
TPO stimulates an increase in megakaryocyte size and number, DNA content, endomitosis, and maturation. It also increases the number of small acetyl-cholinesterase-positive cells that are early precursor cells of the megakaryocytic lineage. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P40225.
Thyroid Binding Globulin
Determination of TBG levels is particularly useful for cases in which total thyroid hormone levels do not correlate with the thyro- metabolic status, such as with pregnancy, the use of contraceptive steroids, or in patients with hereditary excesses or deficiencies of TBG. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P05543.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin, is a glycoprotein synthesized and secreted by the pituitary gland. It stimulates synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Secretion of TSH is stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), a hypothalamic tripeptide. TSH synthesis and release are regulated via a negative feedback mechanism by the level of thyroid hormones. Increased serum levels of free T4 and T3 depress TSH secretion (hyperthyroidism), while decreased serum levels of free T4 and T3 result in excess TSH secretion (primary hypothyroidism). Serum TSH concentration is inversely proportional to the free T4 (FT4) concentration in a log/linear relationship, making TSH a sensitive marker for monitoring thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Alpha P01215; Beta P01222.
Tissue Factor
TF is an integral membrane receptor glycoprotein and a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily. The ligand binding extracellular domain of TF consists of two structural modules with features that are consistent with the classification of TF as a member of type-2 cytokine receptors. TF is involved in the blood coagulation protease cascade and initiates both the extrinsic and intrinsic blood coagulation cascades. TF is expressed in extravascular and perivascular cells but not in vascular endothelial cells and monocytes and its expression can be induced in these cells by inflammatory regulators and other stimulators, such as LPS, thrombin, oxidized lipoproteins, and certain growth factors. Upregulation of tumor TF correlates with enhanced metastatic potential. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P13726.
TIMP-1
Metalloproteinases (MMP) of the extracellular matrix are a family of secreted proteolytic enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of connective tissue. The synthesis and secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is induced in various cell types by a number of cytokines. Metalloproteinases degrade constituents of the basal membrane and the extracellular matrix, including collagens, proteoglycans, gelatin, fibronectin, laminin, and elastin, under physiological and pathological conditions. The biological activities of the proteases are subject to a complex regulation also involving specific inhibitors, called TIMP (Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases). Many proforms of these metalloproteinases form complexes with these inhibitors. TIMP 1 is a major regulator of extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation. A certain balance of MMPs and TIMPs is essential for tumor growth and health. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01033.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
TNF is secreted by macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, T-cells and NK-cells following many different stimuli including interferon, IL-2 , GM-CSF, Bradykinin , Immune complexes, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and PAF (platelet activating factor TNF is found in the synovial fluid of patients suffering from arthritis and appears to be an important autocrine modulator promoting the survival of hairy cell leukemia cells. It may be important, therefore, in the pathogenesis of this disease. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01375.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-beta
This factor is produced predominantly by mitogen-stimulated T-lymphocytes and leukocytes and is secreted also by fibroblasts, astrocytes, myeloma cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells and a number of transformed cell lines. The synthesis of TNF-beta is stimulated by interferons and IL-2. TNF-beta levels in the sera of patients with meningococcal septicemia have been shown to correlate with morbidity and mortality. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P01374.
Tumor Necrosis Factor RII
TNF RII is a soluble form of the TNF receptor. Two types of soluble TNF receptors have been identified in human serum and urine that neutralize the biological activities of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta. These binding proteins represent truncated forms of the two types of high-affinity cell surface receptors for TNF (TNFR-p60 Type B and TNFR-p80 Type A). Soluble TNF RI corresponds to TNFR-p60 Type B. Soluble TNF RII corresponds to TNFR-p80 Type A. In the TNF superfamily nomenclature, TNF RI and TNF RII are referred to as TNFRSF1A and TNFRSF1B, respectively. These apparent soluble forms of the receptors appear to arise as a result of shedding of the extracellular domains of the membrane-bound receptors. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: Q92956.
VCAM-1
VCAM-1 supports the adhesion of lymphocytes, monocytes, natural killer cells, eosinophils, and basophils through its interaction with leukocyte very late antigen-4 (VLA-4). VCAM-1/VLA4 interaction mediates firm adherence of circulating non-neutrophilic leukocytes to endothelium. A soluble form of VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1) has been described). Soluble VCAM-1 levels have been found in the serum of healthy individuals and increased levels of sVCAM1 can be detected in several diseases. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P19320.
VEGF
VEGF is important in the pathophysiology of neuronal and other tumors, probably functioning as a potent promoter of angiogenesis. It may be involved also in altering blood-brain-barrier functions under normal and pathological conditions. VEGF secreted from the stromal cells may be responsible for the endothelial cell proliferation in capillary hemangioblastomas which are composed of abundant microvasculature and primitive angiogenic elements represented by stromal cells. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P15692.
von Willebrand Factor
vWF, synthesized in endothelial cells, is an acute phase reactant and a member of an alternative clotting cascade. This large molecule is synthesized as a number of subunits that polymerize and combine with the factor VIII coagulant protein to form a large complex. In the plasma, vWF (also known as ristocetin cofactor, RCF) exists as a heterogenous population of large polymers to which the coagulant factor VIII is complexed by non-covalent bonds. Swiss-Prot Accession Number: P04275.
Contact your sales representative or RBM directly at info@rbmmaps.com.
|
Rules-Based Medicine, Inc. | 3300 Duval Road • Austin, TX 78759 • T: 866-RBM-MAPS • F: 512-835-4687 • E: info@rbmmaps.com |